A study on the types of disaster awareness in nursing students: Q methodology.

BACKGROUND: Research for the development of nursing education strategies to enhance the competency of the nursing students on disaster safety are needed. This study aimed to identify the types of perceptions on disaster safety in nursing students, and to analyze and describe the characteristics of each type of disaster safety perception of nursing students in South Korea. METHODS: An exploratory study design applying Q methodology, a research method designed to study subjectivity. Participants were 30 nursing students in their 20s who are living in C city. This P-set was selected to best reveal the disaster safety awareness of nursing students. Participants provided their subjective viewpoints by sorting 30 statements into a grid. Analyses involved correlation and factor analysis. The study was carried out from June to December, 2020. RESULTS: In this study, four types of disaster safety awareness of nursing students were uncovered. The characteristics of each type were confirmed as follows: Type 1 was national responsibility, type 2 was individual responsibility, type 3 was preparedness-oriented, and type 4 was education-oriented. CONCLUSION: This study shows that the types of perceptions on disaster safety in Korean nursing students were national responsibility, individual responsibility, preparedness-oriented, and education-oriented. The findings from this study can be implied as fundamental data in nursing education of disaster safety.

The Effects of Depression and Fear in Dual-Income Parents on Work-Family Conflict During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

This study investigated depression and fear in dual-income parents during the COVID-19 pandemic as predictors of work-family conflict. Using a cross-sectional design, we recruited 214 dual-income parents aged 20 years or older with preschool and primary school children in Korea. Data were collected via an online survey. In the final model for hierarchical regression analysis, the strongest predictor of work-family conflict was depression (ß = .43, p < .001), followed by fear (ß = .23, p < .001), then weekly working hours (ß = .12, p < .05). The final model was statistically significant (F = 29.80, p < .001), with an explanatory power of 35%. These findings highlight the need to provide dual-income parents with government-led disaster psychological support during COVID-19, such as counseling, education, and mental health management services involving the psychological predictors of work-family conflict. Diverse systematic intervention programs and policy support should also be provided to help them resolve work-family conflict.

Influence of body image on quality of life in breast cancer patients undergoing breast reconstruction: Mediating of self-esteem.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is considered as a major health problem for women, and the prevalence is increasing over the world. Research to improve their quality of life is necessary. PURPOSE: This study was to examine the body image and self-esteem of breast cancer patients who underwent breast reconstruction in order to determine whether these affect their quality of life. METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive design was employed. This study was conducted on 140 patients who underwent breast reconstruction following breast cancer surgery at S University Hospital in Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. Measures were the general characteristics list, body image scale, self-esteem scale, and the Korean version of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast Cancer Version 4 for quality of life. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, linear regression, and process macro bootstrapping for mediation effect. Data were collected from October 2020 to March 2021. RESULTS: The path regression coefficient was 1.59 (p < .001), and the direct effect of body image on the quality of life was 1.34 (p < .001) considering the effect of self-esteem, which is a parameter. This confirmed that self-esteem mediates body image and quality of life. The explanatory power of self-esteem for quality of life was 54%. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that body image and self-esteem are important factors in the quality of life of breast cancer patients who underwent breast reconstruction. Also, the self-esteem has a mediating effect in the relationship between body image and quality of life. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: In clinical practice, nurses should focus on the body image and self-esteem of breast cancer patients who have undergone breast reconstruction in order to improve their quality of life. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: This cross-sectional descriptive design study was conducted on patients who underwent breast reconstruction following breast cancer surgery at hospital in South Korea.

Adapting and Validating the COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Vaccine Conspiracy Beliefs Scales in Korea.

The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has emphasized a need to assess the cause of vaccine hesitancy. This study verified the reliability and validity of the Korean versions of the COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy scale and vaccine conspiracy belief scale and the correlation between them. The COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy scale, Korean COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy scale, vaccine conspiracy beliefs scale, and self-efficacy scale were the study tools. Following translation into Korean, back translation into English, content validity verification, and preliminary survey, valid samples were obtained from 400 adults aged >20 years. Exploratory factor analysis revealed that "belief" and "lack of trust" accounted for 62.4% of the total variance. The model fit index of the vaccine conspiracy beliefs scale revealed that all values were in a good range. The Korean version of the COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy scale showed a positive correlation with vaccine conspiracy beliefs (r = 0.74, p < 0.001) and a significant negative correlation with self-efficacy (r = −0.17, p < 0.001). The validity and reliability of the COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy scale and vaccine conspiracy beliefs scale were verified. The Korean versions of the two scales can contribute to programs that measure and mediate various factors influencing vaccination during the COVID-19 pandemic.

A Study of Pandemic Prevention Health Behavior in Adults.

Following the outbreak of COVID-19, the World Health Organization recommended prevention measures to minimize the spread of the pandemic. However, strict compliance with prevention measures requires positive health behavior practices, especially among adults. Therefore, this study investigated adults' health behaviors in relation to pandemic prevention based on the health belief model (HBM) and the theory of planned behavior (TPB). This study used a structural model, applying the HBM and the TPB to explain and predict pandemic prevention behaviors in adults. The data obtained were statistically analyzed using SPSS 25.0 and AMOS 25.0. The results revealed that, in total, 341 adults (age: 20-64 years; males: 167, females: 174; single: 167; married: 164; divorced: 8) participated in this study. Of the 341 participants, 339 had use of the internet and a smartphone. Furthermore, the results revealed that attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control in relation to pandemic prevention behaviors directly affected people's intentions to adopt pandemic prevention behaviors. Perceived severity and perceived disability had significant indirect effects on the intention to prevent pandemics; pandemic prevention behavior and perceived behavioral control had a significant effect on pandemic prevention intention. The pandemic prevention education programs suggested in this study have the potential to improve adults' health behavior in relation to pandemic prevention.

Perception, knowledge and attitudes on advance medical directives among hospital staff: Using mixed methodology.

BACKGROUND: It is necessary to examine the level of perception, knowledge and attitudes of the medical staff for advance medical directives, which are practical alternatives to good practice for end-of-life care in the actual medical field. PURPOSE: This study was conducted to determine the degree of perception, knowledge and attitude of cancer hospital medical staff about advance medical directives, and to confirm the relationship between them. It also explored their experiences with advance medical directives. METHODS: This study used a convergent design to collect quantitative and qualitative data separately in the mixed methodology. This design adheres to the STROBE guidelines. Participants were a total of 140 subjects (70 doctors and 70 nurses) with more than 3 years and considered to have sufficient experience related to the study purpose. Focus group participants were a total 19 persons (9 doctors and 10 nurses). RESULTS: Mean score for perception was 35.40, which indicates lower perception when compared to the median value (37.50 points). Perception of advance medical directives had significant, positive relations with attitude of advance medical directives (p = .032). The perception on attitude of advance medical directives factor was significantly influencing (p = .021). As a result of the analysis based on qualitative research questions, six subjects and 11 categories were created by deriving meaningful sentences from the statements. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the perception of medical professionals about advance medical directives has a positive correlation with attitudes, as well as a causal relationship. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Based on the finding from this study, concrete strategies and interventions to improve the perception of advance medical directives among cancer hospital medical staff are needed.

Korean Nursing Students' Emotional Response Types to Pandemic: Application of Q-Methodology.

The aim of this study is to investigate the emotional responses of nursing students to the COVID-19 pandemic and the characteristics of these responses using the Q-methodology. The focus of the Q-methodology is to discover research participants' subjective viewpoints. In May 2021, 50 Korean nursing students from first year to fourth year were selected to participate in the study, and data were collected by asking them to classify 37 selected Q-statements in a normal distribution on a 9-point scale. In the final analysis, a P-sample of 38 nursing students was used. The emotional responses of the Korean nursing students were categorized into four types: self-protection (Type 1), pessimism about the current situation (Type 2), realistic optimism (Type 3), and developmental-seeking (Type 4). The four factors accounted for 39% of the total variance. The individual explanatory powers of the four factors were 8%, 12%, 13%, and 6%, respectively. Thus, the study explored the subjectivity of emotional responses of Korean nursing students to the pandemic. The study recommends considering the results for intervention programs that are designed to prepare nursing students for future health crises and pandemics.

Development of the Adult Pandemic Attitude Scale (A-PAS).

This study aimed to develop an instrument for measuring the attitudes that reflect the characteristics of the pandemic (Adult Pandemic Attitude Scale (A-PAS)) and verifying its validity and reliability. This study used a methodological research design and was conducted with a development step and an evaluation step. The development step included development of preliminary items, content validity, face validity, and preliminary investigation. The evaluation step included item analysis, construct validity, convergent validity, discriminant validity, criterion validity, factor naming, reliability, and completion of the final instrument. The A-PAS developed in this study consisted of a total of 20 items in five dimensions. The internal consistency of 20 items of the A-PAS, Cronbach's α was 0.92 for 20 items, Cronbach's α for each factor, a subscale of instrument, was 0.61~0.87 and Raykov's p coefficient of each factor, which is a subscale of the tool, was found to be 0.60 to 0.88. Analysis of construct validity showed the results as follows: χ2 (p) = 134.05 (p < 0.001), RMSEA = 0.02, RMR = 0.02, GFI = 0.94, CFI = 0.99. The study findings suggest that the developed instrument can be utilized to measure the attitudes of adults toward pandemics, and reflect the reality of the pandemic situation. The outcomes can be used as valuable data for intervention, prevention activities, and policy preparation. The instrument will be applied in the event of a pandemic, such as COVID-19, and will be helpful in promoting the health of the people.

Validation of the Korean Version of the COVID-19 Phobia Scale (K-C19PS).

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of a Korean version of the 20-item COVID-19 phobia tool, which was developed through a translation-reverse translation process. These data were collected from 226 persons using a self-reported questionnaire. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to test construct validity. Finally, for 19 out of 20 items, the item-level convergence and differential validity were confirmed. In addition, the reliability and validity of the tool as a whole has been verified. For the subscales, Cronbach's α was 0.90 for psychological, 0.87 for psychosomatic, 0.86 for economic, and 0.87 for social. Appropriate reliability was confirmed. Correlations between the COVID-19 phobia tool and fear of COVID-19 confirmed validity. The Korean version of the COVID-19 phobia tool is an appropriate scale for measuring the fear of COVID-19 and relevant psychological characteristics. Therefore, future studies in areas such as health and nursing could use this tool as required.

Validity and Reliability of the Korean Version of the Work-Family Behavioral Role Conflict Scale (WFBRC-S).

This study aimed to examine the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the Work-Family Behavioral Role Conflict Scale (WFBRC-S), which was originally developed to measure work-family behavioral role conflict in American adults with a wide variety of occupations such as nurses and chief executive officers. This study used a methodological research design. The study population consisted of 235 married men and women aged 20 years or older who were living in various cities, who had been employed for three years or more. The validity of the content, construct, convergent, discriminant, and criterion related, as well as the reliability of the WFBRC-S-K, was assessed. The WFBRC-S Korean version consists of 25 items. It was found that through the validity of the composition and standards of WFBRC-S-K, it was possible to measure the conflict by focusing on behavior so that a comprehensive evaluation of the role conflict between family and work, and work and family, can be performed. Five items in the WFBRC-S-K were excluded with a standardized factor loading of less than 0.50. We applied the modified index to improve the model fit to build a model, it supports a good fit and reliable score for the Korean version of the WFBRC-S model. Analysis of the fit of the revised model Nomed χ2 (CIMIN/df) value of less was: fit indices to 2.05 RMSEA = 0.07, RMR = 0.04, SRMR = 0.06, GFI = 0.85, IFI = 0.91, TLI = 0.90, CFI = 0.91. Criterion validity compared to the WLBOC-S showed significant correlation, and Cronbach's alpha was 0.94. Factor loadings of the 25 questions ranged from 0.49 to 0.81. The study findings confirmed the applicability of this scale for measuring the work-family behavioral role conflict in Korean adults with a wide variety of occupations. The WFBRC-S-K can be applied on the measurement of work-family conflict in nursing and other industrial sites. These results provide a foundation for future studies on work-family behavioral role conflict in Korean adult.